Veterinary Physiology is the dynamic study of normal functions in a living system. The subject covers how cell, organ and organ system work and how it is integrated at organism level. Also deals with exploring the structure and functions of animal's system and the biological processes by which it interacts with the environment.
Dr. J. P. Puri, Head of Department, Veterinary Physiology at International Institute of Veterinary Education & Research (IIVER) shares his experience about mastering veterinary physiology.
Understanding Veterinary Physiology
Further exploration of the branches of veterinary physiology would improve our understanding and grasp of this subject. Here is how Dr. Puri explains various disciples of physiology:
- Cardiac physiology: The study of the structure and functioning of the heart, arteries, and veins comes under cardiac physiology. It tells us about how the heart pumps out blood through the veins and arteries for transportation of blood, nutrients, and hormones and sometimes acts as a roadway for pathogens.
- Respiratory physiology: The study of structure and function of the respiratory pathway and lungs. The main agenda of this system is the exchange of gases and making them available in our cells for their utilization. The conducting portion or airway consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. Lungs (Alveoli) are the main war zone where the real exchange takes place. These oxygens are then carried on into the cells for cellular respiration, which is when these are converted into real currencies of the body, i.e., ATP. Furthermore, this ATP is utilized for other bodily metabolisms.
- Digestive Physiology: The study of structure and process involved in the digestion. It includes breakdown of complex food into simpler form by the activities of the alimentary tract and glandular secretions for absorption of nutrients and rejection of their residue.
- Renal Physiology: The study of structure and function of the kidney. The important function of the kidneys is to rid the body of waste materials that are either ingested or produced by metabolism and to control the volume and composition of the body fluids. A balance between the intake and output is maintained in large part by the kidneys. This regulatory function of kidneys maintains the stable environment of cells necessary for them to perform various activities.
- Endocrinology: The study of structure and function of the endocrine system, which includes control of ductless glands that secrete hormones within specific organs. Hormones act as "messengers" and are carried by the bloodstream to different cells in the body, which interpret these messages and act on them.
- Nervous system and sense organs: The nervous system is a structural and functional mechanism involved in the coordination of an animal’s response to internal and external environments. Nervous system collects information from outside and inside the body, as well as integrate the information. It comprises a collection of neurons to specialize in conveying information with great speed and accuracy. Nerve cells are designated to respond to stimuli and transmit information to various parts of the body. It provides effective responses to stimuli. Nervous system is composed of millions of discrete structural, functional, and genetic units called neurons.
- Growth & reproduction: The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating. It includes aspects of reproduction, chromosomal sex, gonadal sex and psychic sex.
- Environmental & behavioural physiology: It has been defined as the branch of biology that deals with the relations of living organisms to their surrounding environment and their way of living. It is related to human society in respect of the economy and the particular production.
Significance of Veterinary physiology
The complex dynamics of physiological process - thorough knowledge of this subject helps the student to develop the skill of understanding forthcoming subjects such as Pharmacology, Pathology, Clinical medicine, Anesthesiology and Reproductive physiology.
The coordination of various structures and functions in the animal body. The basic structural and functional characteristics of muscular system and functions in different parts of the body.
The sequential organization and functions of digestive system, the functional capabilities and differences exist in the physiological anatomy of alimentary system in different animals. The basic structural and capabilities of respiratory system in different animals.
Beyond the basic, specialized areas of study
Apart from the basic knowledge, various specialized areas can be explored. Recent studies are going on in reproductive physiology and other areas.
- In-vitro fertilization: In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common form of assisted reproductive technology and is used in the management of animals with difficulty undergoing conception. This activity revolves around the etiology, evaluation, and role of the interprofessional team in management strategies for IVF. The keen understanding of the physiology of various reproductive structures and their functioning has been a great advantage to alter those for the improvement of the animal and its production.
- Embryo transfer technology: Early embryos of superior genotype are collected prior to their implantation in the uterus, and they are implanted in the uterus of other females of inferior genotype, where they complete their actual development, which is referred to as embryo transfer. The chief objective of embryo transfer is to achieve a greater rate of conception and an increase in the number of progenies per year from a single female animal of superior genotype. The embryo transfer technique helps in increasing commercial production, and it can also improve the genetic potential of livestock. The embryo transfer technique provides a rapid rate of improvement of the genetic quality of offspring at relatively lower cost than purchasing a live animal.
- Cloning: Molecular cloning is the collection of experimental procedures required to isolate and expand a specific fragment of DNA into a host organism in order to create a large number of identical copies. On top of allowing the study of a single DNA sequence of interest, molecular cloning is a powerful technique that permits the generation of complex combinations of DNA fragments for the most disparate downstream applications. In the case of high-yielding animals, these techniques are used, and the genes from them are incorporated and developed into various other high-yielding animals.
Teaching and learning of veterinary physiology
Teaching & learning is an important aspect. Teaching requires active involvement of both i.e. teachers as well as students. Recent teaching methodology includes the use of the latest techniques and audio-visual aids. This makes teaching and learning more effective.
The second aspect is the practical part in laboratory and animal farm, which is equally important, this demonstrate to the students what is taught in theory.
Tips For Success
- Attending classes regularly: Dr. Puri highly emphasized the importance of attending the lectures and being disciplined. He believes nothing can replace classroom teaching. Starting from the classroom interaction to the environment it creates. The competition kicks in when you are surrounded by so many achievers. It makes you work harder every day if you expose yourself often to this classroom environment. Not only does it enable you to grasp knowledge in a broad sense, but it also talks about where you stand. Also, from an exam point of view, Dr. Puri mentions that he repeatedly focuses on the important topics that are highly expected in various exams.
- Interaction and Doubt sessions: Interaction and doubt sessions in the classroom play a vital role in enhancing student learning. They provide a space for students to clarify confusing concepts, fostering deeper understanding and critical thinking. Engaging in discussions not only encourages active participation but also builds confidence, as students feel supported in voicing their uncertainties. Additionally, these sessions create a sense of community, promoting collaboration and peer support. By addressing doubts, instructors gain insights into student comprehension, allowing them to tailor their teaching methods for greater effectiveness. Overall, incorporating these elements creates a more dynamic and engaging learning environment.
- Regular Study session: Regular study and revision are crucial for effective learning. Establishing a consistent routine reinforces knowledge and improves retention. Techniques like spaced repetition help solidify concepts in long-term memory, while manageable study sessions reduce overwhelm. Incorporating diverse study methods—like summarizing notes or peer discussions—enhances comprehension and engagement. Overall, a disciplined approach not only prepares students for assessments but also fosters good habits and a lifelong love of learning.
Conclusion
Mastering veterinary physiology is essential for any aspiring veterinarian, as it provides a critical understanding of how various biological systems function and interact within animals. Dr. J. P. Puri’s insights underscore the significance of this field, highlighting its various branches—from cardiac and respiratory physiology to reproductive and behavioral studies. By grasping these concepts, students are better equipped to tackle advanced subjects in veterinary medicine.
Furthermore, effective teaching and learning strategies, including regular attendance, active participation, and consistent study habits, are vital for success in this discipline. As veterinary physiology continues to evolve, with advancements in areas like IVF, embryo transfer, and cloning, a solid foundation in physiology will empower future veterinarians to enhance animal health and welfare. Ultimately, a comprehensive understanding of veterinary physiology is not just an academic pursuit; it is a cornerstone for impactful veterinary practice and innovation in the field.
